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Wednesday, January 7, 2026

Minimal Quadrat + Tuner (Tall List + Per-Category Y + Stable Details)
Click to add glyphs (max 2 per tile). “BREAK” ends tile only (no new line). SPACE inserts a real space. Tallness uses your hard-coded “tall list” first, then ink fallback.
QUADRAT TUNER ▶
• “TallTall gap” only affects tiles where BOTH glyphs are tall.
• If tallTall “does nothing”, increase TALL_PCT (stricter) or lower it (more glyphs treated tall).
• Y sliders are per-category (TallTall, ShortShort, Mix). Global Y is also available.

Wednesday, December 10, 2025

Middle Egyptian Grammar
Middle Egyptian Grammar interactive reference sheet

A compact reference for Middle Egyptian: writing system, nouns, pronouns, verbs, examples, and practice exercises.

1. Writing System
Phonograms, logograms, determinatives

1.1 Phonograms (sound values)

Sound Glyph Code
/ꜣ/ 𓂝 D36
/i/ 𓇋 M17
/n/ π“ˆ– N35
/m/ π“…“ G17
/r/ π“‚‹ D21
/s/ π“‹΄ S29
κœ₯-n-αΈ« π“‹Ή V30

Vowels are not written explicitly; transliterations (like nfr) are conventional.

1.2 Logograms

Word Glyph Code Meaning
s π“€€ A1 “man”
s.t 𓁐 B1 “woman” (as logogram)
pr 𓉐 O1 “house”

1.3 Determinatives

Determinatives are unpronounced and always come at the end of the word.

Glyph Code Use
π“€€ A1 male human (man, son, etc.)
𓁐 B1 female human (woman, mother, wife, etc.)
𓉐 O1 building, place
𓏛 Y1 abstract concepts
Common Gardiner Codes (cheatsheet)
  • π“€€ – A1 – seated man
  • 𓁐 – B1 – seated woman
  • 𓉐 – O1 – house
  • 𓂝 – D36 – arm (ꜣ)
  • 𓇋 – M17 – reed (i)
  • π“ˆ– – N35 – water line (n)
  • π“‹Ή – V30 – ankh (κœ₯-n-αΈ«)
  • π“₯ – Z2 – plural strokes (your system)
2. Nouns & Plurals
Gender, construct, and plural strokes
Forms

2.1 Gender

Masculine & Feminine

Masculine is usually unmarked: s (π“€€ A1) “man”.

Feminine often ends in -t (𓏏 X1).

s.t “woman” → π“‹΄ 𓏏 𓁐 (S29 – X1 – B1)

2.2 Plural (Z2 = π“₯)

Here π“₯ is used as Z2 (plural strokes). It always comes after the sign(s) it pluralizes.

Meaning Glyphs Code Translit.
men π“€€ π“₯ A1 – Z2 s.w
houses 𓉐 π“₯ O1 – Z2 pr.w
women π“‹΄ 𓏏 𓁐 π“₯ S29 – X1 – B1 – Z2 s.t.wt

2.3 Construct “of” (Genitive)

Two nouns in a row = “X of Y”. Example: pr nsw “house of the king”.

𓉐 π“ˆ– π“‹΄ 𓍿 π“…± (O1 – N35 – S29 – V28 – G43)

3. Pronouns
Suffix forms with nouns and verbs
Reference

3.1 Suffix pronouns

Meaning Form Glyph Code
my -i 𓇋 M17
your (m) -k π“‚“ D28
his -f 𓆑 I9
her -s π“‹΄ S29

3.2 Examples

pr-f → 𓉐 𓆑 = “his house”

pr-i → 𓉐 𓇋 = “my house”

nfr.k → π“„€ π“‚“ = “you are good” (stative)

4. Verbs & Word Order
sḏm.f; past; negation; VSO

4.1 Example verb: sḏm “to hear”

Root: π“Šƒ 𓂧 π“…“ (S29 – D46 – G17)

sḏm.f → π“Šƒ 𓂧 π“…“ 𓆑 (S29 – D46 – G17 – I9) = “he hears”

sḏm.n.f → π“Šƒ 𓂧 π“…“ π“ˆ– 𓆑 (S29 – D46 – G17 – N35 – I9) = “he heard”

4.2 Word order (VSO)

Verb – Subject – Object: sḏm s.f

π“Šƒ 𓂧 π“…“ π“€€ 𓆑 (S29 – D46 – G17 – A1 – I9) → “the man hears him”

4.3 Negation

nn sḏm.f → π“ˆ– π“ˆ– π“Šƒ 𓂧 π“…“ 𓆑 (N35 – N35 – S29 – D46 – G17 – I9) = “he does not hear”

Prohibition: n sḏm = “do not hear!”

Quick Reference
  • sḏm.f → non-past “he hears”
  • sḏm.n.f → past “he heard”
  • r sḏm.f → “he will (go to) hear”
  • nfr.k → “you are good” (stative)
5. Example Paragraphs
Read, then reveal transliteration, translation & Gardiner codes

5.1 Paragraph 1

Hieroglyphic line-up

π“Šƒ 𓂧 π“…“ π“€€ 𓆑
π“…“ 𓉐 π“ˆ– π“‹΄ 𓍿 π“…±
π“‹΄ 𓏏 𓁐 π“₯ π“„€

Transliteration
sḏm s.f
m pr nsw
s.t.wt nfr.wt
Translation
“The man hears him.
He is in the house of the king.
The women are good.”
Gardiner codes per line
  • Line 1: π“Šƒ 𓂧 π“…“ π“€€ 𓆑 → S29 – D46 – G17 – A1 – I9
  • Line 2: π“…“ 𓉐 π“ˆ– π“‹΄ 𓍿 π“…± → G17 – O1 – N35 – S29 – V28 – G43
  • Line 3: π“‹΄ 𓏏 𓁐 π“₯ π“„€ → S29 – X1 – B1 – Z2 – F35
Notes
  • sḏm s.f → verb + subject + object.
  • m pr nsw → “in house (of) king”.
  • s.t.wt nfr.wt → plural noun + agreeing plural adjective.

5.2 Paragraph 2

π“‚‹ π“Šƒ 𓂧 π“…“ π“₯ π“€€ π“Šͺ
π“…“ 𓉐 π“„€ π“₯
π“‹΄ π“ˆ– 𓏏 𓁐 π“₯ 𓂝 π“…“ 𓉐

Transliteration
r sḏm.w s pw
m pr nfr.w
snt.w aꜣ m pr
Translation
“The men will hear – it is the man.
In the house there are good things.
The sisters are great in the house.”
Gardiner codes per line
  • Line 1: π“‚‹ π“Šƒ 𓂧 π“…“ π“₯ π“€€ π“Šͺ → D21 – S29 – D46 – G17 – Z2 – A1 – Q3
  • Line 2: π“…“ 𓉐 π“„€ π“₯ → G17 – O1 – F35 – Z2
  • Line 3: π“‹΄ π“ˆ– 𓏏 𓁐 π“₯ 𓂝 π“…“ 𓉐 → S29 – N35 – X1 – B1 – Z2 – D36 – G17 – O1
Notes
  • r sḏm.w → future/prospective “will hear”.
  • pw makes an emphatic statement (“it is ...”).
  • snt.w aꜣ m pr → noun (plural) + adjective + adverbial phrase.
6. Exercises
Type your answers, then check them

6.1 Exercise 1 – Translate into English

1) 𓉐 π“₯ π“„€
pr.w nfr.w
2) π“…“ 𓉐 π“€€
m pr s
3) π“Šƒ 𓂧 π“…“ π“‹΄
sḏm.s
4) 𓇋 π“ˆ– π“€€ 𓆑
in s.f

6.2 Exercise 2 – Type of sentence (write a, b, c or d)

Options: (a) construct genitive (b) verbal (c) adverbial (d) emphatic

1) π“€€ π“„€
2) π“Šƒ 𓂧 π“…“ π“€€
3) π“‚‹ π“Šƒ 𓂧 π“…“ 𓆑
4) 𓉐 π“ˆ– π“‹΄

6.3 Exercise 3 – Add plural (give transliteration)

Answer in transliteration, e.g. s.w

1) π“€€ → ______
2) 𓁐 → ______
3) 𓉐 → ______
4) π“‹΄ 𓏏 → ______

6.4 Exercise 4 – Into Middle Egyptian (transliteration)

Answer in transliteration, e.g. s nfr.

1) “The good man.”
2) “The women hear.”
3) “In the house is the king.”
4) “Do not hear!”
Full Answer Key

Exercise 1

  1. “Good houses.”
  2. “In the house (is) the man.” / “The man is in the house.”
  3. “She hears.”
  4. “It is the man.”

Exercise 2

  1. Adverbial / nominal sentence.
  2. Verbal sentence (VSO).
  3. Verbal / prospective (“will hear”), close to emphatic.
  4. Construct genitive (“house of the king”).

Exercise 3

  1. π“€€ π“₯ → s.w “men”
  2. 𓁐 π“₯ → s.t.wt “women”
  3. 𓉐 π“₯ → pr.w “houses”
  4. π“‹΄ 𓏏 π“₯ → s.t.w “women”

Exercise 4

  1. “The good man.” → π“€€ π“„€ (s nfr)
  2. “The women hear.” → π“‹΄ 𓏏 𓁐 π“₯ π“Šƒ 𓂧 π“…“ π“₯ (s.t.wt sḏm.w)
  3. “In the house is the king.” → π“…“ 𓉐 π“ˆ– π“‹΄ 𓍿 π“…± (m pr nsw)
  4. “Do not hear!” → π“ˆ– π“Šƒ 𓂧 π“…“ (n sḏm)

Tuesday, December 9, 2025

Hieroglyph Caller
Hieroglyph Caller
Glyph dialing → numeric call

Wednesday, November 26, 2025

NΓ« klasΓ«

NΓ« klasΓ«

DΓ«gjo dialogun dhe pastaj pΓ«rgjigju pyetjeve

Play

Dialogu

Dona: NΓ« cilΓ«n faqe jeni?

Megi: Jemi nΓ« faqe 42.

Dona: Faleminderit, po vij.

Megi: Ulu kΓ«tu qΓ« ta shohΓ«sh mΓ« mirΓ«.

Dona: Po, shumΓ« mirΓ«.

nΓ« cilΓ«n faqe
on which page
jemi nΓ« faqe 42
we are on page 42
po vij
I'm coming
ulu kΓ«tu
sit here
qΓ« ta shohΓ«sh mΓ« mirΓ«
so that you can see better
  • qΓ« + folje nΓ« lidhore
    Shpjegohet në shqip: Përdoret për të treguar qëllimin e një veprimi (qëllim = përse bëhet diçka).
    English: used to express purpose – “so that / in order that”
  • po + folje (e tashme)
    Shpjegohet nΓ« shqip: Tregon njΓ« veprim qΓ« do tΓ« fillojΓ« menjΓ«herΓ«, tani pΓ«r tani.
    English: shows an action that is about to happen immediately – “I’m coming / I’m going now”

Dona: What page are you on?

Megi: We are on page 42.

Dona: Thanks, I'm coming.

Megi: Sit here so you can see better.

Dona: Yes, very good.

Pyetje

  1. Γ‡farΓ« pyet Dona?
  2. NΓ« cilΓ«n faqe janΓ«?
  3. Γ‡farΓ« thotΓ« Dona pas falΓ«nderimit?
  4. Ku i thotΓ« Megi DonΓ«s tΓ« ulet?
  5. A i pΓ«lqen DonΓ«s vendi?
  1. Pyet nΓ« cilΓ«n faqe janΓ«.
  2. JanΓ« nΓ« faqe 42.
  3. ThotΓ« “po vij”.
  4. I thotΓ« tΓ« ulet kΓ«tu.
  5. Po, i pΓ«lqen shumΓ«.

Tuesday, November 25, 2025

Dialogu nΓ« KlasΓ«

Dialogu nΓ« KlasΓ« – Ushtrim DΓ«gjimi me PΓ«rkthim dhe Fjalor

Dialogu nΓ« KlasΓ«

DΓ«gjo dialogun dhe pastaj pΓ«rgjigju pyetjeve

▶️

Dialogu

NxΓ«nΓ«si: MΓ«suese, nuk e kuptoj ushtrimin.

MΓ«suesja: Cilin ushtrim?

NxΓ«nΓ«si: Ushtrimin numΓ«r tre.

MΓ«suesja: Hajde kΓ«tu dhe ta shpjegoj.

NxΓ«nΓ«si: Faleminderit, mΓ«suese.

MΓ«suesja: S’ka gjΓ«, vazhdo punΓ«n.

nuk e kuptoj
I don’t understand
ushtrimi
the exercise
cilin
which (masculine)
numΓ«r tre
number three
hajde kΓ«tu
come here
ta shpjegoj
let me explain it to you
faleminderit
thank you
s’ka gjΓ«
you’re welcome / no problem
vazhdo punΓ«n
continue your work
  • Nuk e kuptoj → negative present tense: nuk + verb + e (object pronoun "it")
  • Cilin ushtrim? → interrogative pronoun cilin (accusative masculine)
  • Ta shpjegoj → subjunctive construction: ta (tΓ« + e) = "so that I explain it to you"
  • Hajde kΓ«tu → imperative of vij (come) + kΓ«tu (here)
  • S’ka gjΓ« → common polite response = "It’s nothing / You’re welcome"

Student: Teacher, I don’t understand the exercise.

Teacher: Which exercise?

Student: Exercise number three.

Teacher: Come here and I’ll explain it to you.

Student: Thank you, teacher.

Teacher: You’re welcome, keep working.

Pyetje

  1. Γ‡farΓ« i thotΓ« nxΓ«nΓ«si mΓ«sueses nΓ« fillim?
  2. Cilin ushtrim nuk e kupton nxΓ«nΓ«si?
  3. Γ‡farΓ« i thotΓ« mΓ«suesja nxΓ«nΓ«sit tΓ« bΓ«jΓ«?
  4. Si e falΓ«nderon nxΓ«nΓ«si mΓ«suesen?
  5. Γ‡farΓ« i pΓ«rgjigjet mΓ«suesja nΓ« fund?
  1. NxΓ«nΓ«si i thotΓ«: “MΓ«suese, nuk e kuptoj ushtrimin.”
  2. Nuk e kupton ushtrimin numΓ«r tre.
  3. MΓ«suesja i thotΓ«: “Hajde kΓ«tu dhe ta shpjegoj.”
  4. NxΓ«nΓ«si e falΓ«nderon duke thΓ«nΓ«: “Faleminderit, mΓ«suese.”
  5. MΓ«suesja i pΓ«rgjigjet: “S’ka gjΓ«, vazhdo punΓ«n.”

Thursday, November 20, 2025

Shqip Rruge 2025 – 23 Komente Reale
SHQIP RRUGE 2025

23 Komente reale nga TikTok & Instagram

Tirana • KosovΓ« • Gheg • Tosk • Internet Slang i vΓ«rtetΓ«
Suada rrobt
sa e shpifur
O njΓ«rz pisa
hallall ju a befte
te vajti ne bith
Mblylle xhupin
cicat i kan ren
gjyshe te kΓ«mbΓ«t
O frate ndro
Zot na ruaj
Hajde veshje
qeke hallakat
Suada 2
cicat ne hasmeri
po t mer n qaf
I ngeli ne der
tipe per audience
Jeni tΓ« mirΓ« tΓ« dy
Sa te mir o zot
Bravo bukuroshi
energji pozitive
tu tngel ndor
Katerinaa yll
1. Suada rrobt
Suada rrobt
Suada, rrobΓ«t!
Suada, you piece of trash / dirty laundry!
Dialect: Pure Tirana street • Drops article & possessive → fastest insult
2. Ahhhaaah sa e shpifur kjo …
Ahhhaaah sa e shpifur kjo si motra e Suades
Ahahaha, sa e shΓ«mtuar Γ«shtΓ« kjo, si motra e SuadΓ«s!
Hahaha she’s so ugly, just like Suada’s sister!
Classic fast hate comment, no accents, careless spelling
3. O njΓ«rz pisa po Γ§u duhet …
O njΓ«rz pisa po Γ§u duhet apo se jan per njeri tjetrina hΓ§ni mo me koment negative …
O njerΓ«z pis, po Γ§’ju duhet … hiqni dorΓ« mo me komente negative!
You filthy people, why do you care? Stop the hate comments!
Angry spoken Tirana, heavy phonetic writing
4. Me te miret ju jeni hallall …
Me te miret ju jeni hallall ju a befte zoti
Me tΓ« mirΓ«t ju jeni! Hallall, Zoti jua bΓ«ftΓ«!
You two are the very best! May God bless you!
Traditional Muslim Albanian blessing
5. E kishe nderin ne ball …
E kishe nderin ne ball te vajti ne bith mo cun me kete Suaden
E kishe nderin nΓ« ball, tΓ« shkoi nΓ« bythΓ«, moj Γ§un, me kΓ«tΓ« SuadΓ«n!
Your honor was on your forehead — now it’s up your ass because of Suada, bro!
Famous idiom: total loss of dignity
6. Mblylle xhupin plevitos …
Mblylle xhupin plevitos katerinaaaa
MbyllΓ« xhupin, plevitoshΓ«, Katerina!
Zip it up, you messy girl, Katerina!
Very vulgar Tirana slang for messy/slutty woman
7. Mblidhja icik cicat …
Mblidhja icik cicat i kan ren fare
Mblidhi pak, cicat i kanΓ« rΓ«nΓ« fare!
Pull them up — your boobs are sagging completely!
Body-shaming, Gheg influence (“icik” = pak)
8. Ca esht kjo gjyshe …
Ca esht kjo gjyshe gjoksin te kembet
Γ‡farΓ« Γ«shtΓ« kjo gjyshe me gjoksin te kΓ«mbΓ«t?
What is this grandma with boobs down to her knees?
Extreme body-shaming insult
9. O frate ndro makine
O frate ndro makine
O frate, ndΓ«rro makinΓ«n!
Bro, change the car! (= upgrade your girl)
Italian-influenced Tirana youth slang
10. Zot na ruaj me ket femer
Zot na ruaj me ket femer
Zot na ruajt me kΓ«tΓ« femΓ«r!
God save us from this woman!
Dramatic standard reaction
11. Hajde veshje hajde
Hajde veshje hajde
Hajde veshje, hajde!
Look at that outfit, wow! (sarcastic)
Repetition = sarcasm, Balkan-wide
12. Oj Katerina qeke hallakat …
Oj Katerina qeke hallakat si shum
Oj Katerina, qenke hallakat si shumΓ«!
Katerina, you look like a total mess!
Gheg form “qeke” = northern/Kosovo influence
13. Suada 2
Suada 2
Suada 2 / Suada versioni i dytΓ«
Suada 2.0 – “another Suada”
Meme reference
14. Ato cicat ne hasmeri
Ato cicat ne hasmeri
Ato cicat janΓ« nΓ« hasmΓ«ri
Those boobs are fighting each other
Joke about bad bra support
15. O fratello ndroje kte vlla …
O fratello ndroje kte vlla se po t mer n qaf ta uli personalitetin ke qen alamet kingu
O fratello, ndΓ«rroje kΓ«tΓ«, vΓ«lla, se po tΓ« merr nΓ« qafΓ« – ke qenΓ« alamet kingu!
Bro, dump her — she’s killing your vibe. You used to be a king!
Italian loans + 2020s Tirana youth speech
16. I ngeli ne der
I ngeli ne der
I ngeli nΓ« derΓ«
He got left at the door / dumped
Standard idiom
17. Duhen tipe per audience …
Duhen tipe per audience o plak se nuk po e merr per gru
Duhen tipe pΓ«r audiencΓ«, o plak, se s’po e merr pΓ«r grua
You need hot girls for views, old man — not a wife
Content creator slang
18. Jeni shumΓ« tΓ« mirΓ« tΓ« dy
Jeni shumΓ« tΓ« mirΓ« tΓ« dy
Jeni shumΓ« tΓ« mirΓ« tΓ« dy!
You two are really great together!
Perfect standard Albanian
19. Sa te mir o zot yje
Sa te mir o zot yje
Sa tΓ« mirΓ« je, o Zot!
You’re so good, my God!
Emotional compliment
20. Bravo bukuroshi
Bravo bukuroshi
Bravo, bukurosh!
Well done, handsome!
Standard compliment
21. Sa energji pozitive jepni …
Sa energji pozitive jepni te dy
Sa energji pozitive jepni tΓ« dy!
You two give off such positive energy!
Standard positive comment
22. O tu tngel ndor o frate …
O tu tngel ndor o frate po stakoje tani boll e mbajte
TΓ« tΓ« ngelΓ« nΓ« dorΓ«, o frate, po shkΓ«pute tani – boll e mbajte!
She’ll ruin you, bro — drop her now!
Heavy Tirana + Italian slang
23. Katerinaa yll
Katerinaa yll
Katerina yll!
Katerina, you star!
Simple, sweet compliment

Friday, November 14, 2025

Latin ↔ Syriac Transliterator + Syriac Numerals

ܫܠܑܐ — Syriac Transliterator

Latin ↔ Syriac (Estrangela • Madnhaya • Serto) + Syriac Letter-Numerals

Result appears here…
Thousands grouped with · (middle dot). “Overline” adds the Syriac abbreviation mark.
Converted number appears here…

Worked Examples

Arabic → Syriac → Latin + breakdown (no repeated 400s).

Reference

Supports: Ε‘ αΈ₯ αΉ­ αΉ£ ΚΏ ā Δ“ Δ« ō Ε« • Syriac letter-numerals with grouping
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